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Somatoscopic traits of human
Introduction
Somatoscopy is a qualitative method using a descriptive characterization in evaluation of human body features (i.e. verbal evaluation). It belongs among the basic methods used to study biological variability of humans. And that is why it is used in anthropology, medicine or criminalistic and forensic fields. Even though at the present age, metric and morphometric approaches are becoming more and more preferred because of the struggle for higher objectivity and repeatability of methods, somatoscopy can be considered a rightful alternative in cases in which the use of metric methods is too difficult or even impossible.
About the catalogue
This interactive electronic teaching aid contains teaching texts and it allows browsing, searching and printing of basic types and forms of somatoscopic (non-metric) body traits. The catalogue contains somatoscopic traits of face and body in the form of shaded graphics and contours. The teaching aid contains frequencies (percentage representation) of categories of selected face traits in Czech population. The data is based on a set of 100 Czech men and 100 Czech women between the ages of 18 and 35. This teaching aid also contains frequencies (percentage representation) of categories of selected body traits in current Czech population. The data is based on a set of 309 people, specifically 164 men (53 %) and 145 women (47 %). The age of people in the examined population ranged from 25 to 69 years of age. In men, the population median was 44 years of age and the age ranged from 25 to 66 years of age. In women, the population median was 48 years of age and the age ranged from 25 to 65 years of age.
Somatoscopic face traits
Face
Facial width
Evaluated in the frontal view. The facial width is evaluated with regard to the face height. The trait has four categories: 1. narrow, 2. average, 3. wide, 4. very wide.
Face height
Evaluated in the frontal view. In case of this trait, we speak of the relative ratio of face height and width and we distinguish five categories: 1. very high, 2. high, 3. average, 4. low, 5. very low.
Forehead
Forehead height
Evaluated in the frontal view. This is a relative forehead height compared to the face height. The trait has three categories: 1. small, 2. average (the forehead height corresponds to approximately a half of the face height), 3. large.
Forehead profil
Evaluated in the lateral view. This trait has three categories: The forehead profile is: 1. receding (the forehead recedes towards the back of the head), 2. arched (the forehead is round), 3. straight (the forehead is flat and vertical).
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 49% | 64% | 34% |
| 2 | 30% | 12% | 48% |
| 3 | 21% | 24% | 18% |
Eyebrows
Eyebrows Shape
Evaluated in the frontal view separately for the left and the right eyebrow. The eyebrow shape is divided into these categories: 1. straight (the eyebrows form a line), 2. arched (the eyebrows are in the shape of a continuous arch) and 3. pointed (the eyebrows form points in approximately 2/3 to 3/4 of the distance from the medium plane).
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 29,5% | 48% | 11% |
| 2 | 29% | 9% | 49% |
| 3 | 41,5% | 43% | 40% |
Eyebrows width
Evaluated in the frontal view. The trait is divided into three categories: 1. small (the eyebrows are very thin), 2. average, 3. large (the eyebrows are very thick, prominent).
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 23% | 1% | 45% |
| 2 | 41% | 31% | 51% |
| 3 | 36% | 68% | 4% |
Eyebrows distance
Evaluated in the frontal view. The eyebrows distance trait is divided into three categories: 1. small (the eyebrows are very close to the median plane, the distance between the left and the right eyebrow is smaller than the width of the nasal root), 2. average (the eyebrows are approximately as wide as the nasal root), 3. large (the median borders of the eyebrows are positioned laterally from the palpebral angle).
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 18% | 26% | 10% |
| 2 | 56% | 62% | 50% |
| 3 | 26% | 12% | 40% |
Eyes
Palpebral aperture position
Evaluated separately for the left and the right eye in the frontal view. A ruler or a protractor can be used to determine the category. The palpebral aperture position is determined in accordance with the angle formed by the connecting line of the inner and the outer corner of the eye and the median plane. This trait has three categories: 1. the outer corner is lower (the angle is lower than 90°), 2. straight (a right angle), 3. the inner corner is higher (the angle is larger than 90°).
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10% | 13% | 7% |
| 2 | 68,5% | 70% | 67% |
| 3 | 21,5% | 17% | 26% |
Palpebral aperture height
Evaluated separately for the left and the right eye in the frontal view. The palpebral aperture height is divided into three categories: 1. small (the iris is covered by the upper eyelid, almost at the level of the pupil, the width is much larger than height), 2. average (the iris is only slightly covered by the upper lid), 3. large (the iris is completely visible).
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 14% | 23% | 5% |
| 2 | 60,5% | 54% | 67% |
| 3 | 25,5% | 23% | 28% |
Distance of eyes
Evaluated in the frontal view. In this trait, we evaluate if the nose tip is forked – divided by a visible horizontal line in the median plane. The trait has three categories: 1. small, 2. moderate, 3. large.
Nose
Nose width
Evaluated in the frontal view. The relative relationship between the nose width and nose height is evaluated in this trait. The nose width is evaluated at the plane of the largest width of nasal wings. The trait has three categories: 1. small (the nose is small, the nasal wings expand very little), 2. average, 3. large.
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 14% | 16% | 14% |
| 2 | 65% | 66% | 65% |
| 3 | 21% | 18% | 20% |
Nose height
Evaluated in the lateral view. The nose height is the distance from root to the lower border of septum (the beginning of the upper lip). The nose height is evaluated relatively to the face height. The trait has three categories: 1. small (the nose height is significantly smaller than a one half of face height), 2. average (the nose height is similar to a one half of face height), 3. large (the nose height is the same or exceeds one half of face height).
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 20% | 24% | 16% |
| 2 | 61% | 54% | 68% |
| 3 | 9% | 22% | 16% |
Nasal root width
Evaluated in the frontal view. The nasal root width trait has three categories: 1. narrow (the nasal root is narrow in comparison to the nasal ridge), 2. average (the nasal root if approximately of the same width as the nasal ridge), 3. wide (the root of the nose is wide, sometimes it even reaches the inner corners of eyes).
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 15,5% | 16% | 15% |
| 2 | 65,5% | 66% | 65% |
| 3 | 19% | 18% | 20% |
Nasal root height
Evaluated in the lateral view. The projected distance from the pupil to the nasal root is considered nose root height. The trait has three categories: 1. low (the nasal root is very close to the eye in the profile view, the nose is usually flat), 2. average, 3. high (the nasal root protrudes).
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 21,5% | 12% | 31% |
| 2 | 60% | 55% | 65% |
| 3 | 18,5% | 33% | 4% |
Nasal ridge width
Evaluated in the frontal view. Three categories are being distinguished in this trait: the nose ridge width is: 1. narrow (the nasal ridge is narrower than the nasal root), 2. moderate (the nasal ridge is approximately as wide as the nasal root) and 3. wide (the ridge is wider than the nasal root).
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 17,5% | 17% | 18% |
| 2 | 64% | 61% | 67% |
| 3 | 17,5% | 22% | 15% |
Nasal ridge profile
Evaluated in the lateral view. The trait of nose ridge profile is divided into four categories: 1. concave, 2. straight (completely without any waving), 3. convex (the profile forms one convex arch) and 4. wavy (there is a visible tubercle in the bony part of the nose).
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7% | 4% | 10% |
| 2 | 42% | 46% | 38% |
| 3 | 22% | 27% | 17% |
| 4 | 29% | 23% | 35% |
Nasal tip size
Evaluated in the frontal view. In this trait, we focus on the relative relationship of the nose tip width to the maximum size of nasal wings. The trait has three categories: 1. small, 2. moderate, 3. large.
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 15% | 22% | 9% |
| 2 | 56% | 51% | 61% |
| 3 | 29% | 27% | 30% |
Nasal tip shape
Evaluated in the lateral view. Nose tip shape can be 1. pointed, 2. rounded, 3. bulbous (in comparison to the rounded nose tip, the bulbous nose tip is formed from an arch with a larger radius), 4. square.
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8,5% | 13% | 4% |
| 2 | 55% | 50% | 60% |
| 3 | 33,5% | 32% | 35% |
| 4 | 3% | 5% | 1% |
Nasal tip direction
Evaluated in the lateral view. Three categories are distinguished in this trait: the nose tip aims 1. upward, 2. horizontally, 3. downward.
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 30,5% | 24% | 37% |
| 2 | 65% | 68% | 62% |
| 3 | 4,5% | 8% | 1% |
Bridge between forehead and nose ridge
Evaluated in the lateral view. In this trait, we evaluate the shape of nasal root from profile view and its connection to forehead and nasal ridge. The trait is divided into three categories: 1. smooth (the nasal root is in plane with forehead profile or there is only a very small depression), 2. slightly depressed, 3. strongly depressed, with a groove (there is a conspicuous concavity between the nose ridge profile and forehead profile, sometimes even a groove).
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 26% | 23% | 28% |
| 2 | 61% | 53% | 69% |
| 3 | 13% | 24% | 3% |
Lips
Philtrum width
Evaluated in the frontal view. This trait is evaluated at the plane of the largest philtrum width and it has three categories: 1. small, 2. moderate, 3. large.
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 23% | 13% | 33% |
| 2 | 55% | 59% | 51% |
| 3 | 22% | 28% | 16% |
Philtrum depth
Evaluated in the semi-profile view. In this trait, we evaluate the depth of the depression between lateral borders of the philtrum. Three categories are distinguished: the depth of philtrum is 1. small (the philtrum borders are indistinct, insufficiently clear and insufficiently elevated above the surrounding tissue, the philtrum is flat), 2. average (the philtrum borders are clearly visible), 3. large (the philtrum borders are very visible, even conspicuous, the philtrum is very depressed).
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 15,0% | 16% | 14% |
| 2 | 57,0% | 57% | 57% |
| 3 | 28% | 27% | 29% |
Philtrum depression in lip vermilion
Evaluated in the frontal view. This trait has three categories: the depression is: 1. shallow, missing (the depression is only indicated or completely missing). 2. clearly visible, 3. pronounced and deep (the depression is conspicuous, it reaches halfway into the upper lip vermilion height).
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 26% | 21% | 31% |
| 2 | 56% | 60% | 52% |
| 3 | 18% | 19% | 17% |
Philtrum width
Evaluated in the frontal view. This trait is evaluated at the plane of the largest philtrum width and it has three categories: 1. small, 2. moderate, 3. large.
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 23% | 13% | 33% |
| 2 | 55% | 59% | 51% |
| 3 | 22% | 28% | 16% |
Upper lip vermilion
Evaluated in the frontal view. The trait of upper lip vermilion thickness has three categories: the lip is 1. thin (the lip is conspicuously narrow), 2. average, 3. thick.
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 34,5% | 30% | 39% |
| 2 | 48% | 44% | 52% |
| 3 | 17,5% | 26% | 9% |
Lower lip vermilion
Evaluated in the frontal view. The trait of lower lip vermilion thickness has three categories: the lip is 1. thin (the lip is conspicuously narrow), 2. average, 3. thick.
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 21% | 20% | 22% |
| 2 | 51% | 47% | 55% |
| 3 | 28% | 33% | 23% |
Upper lip height
Evaluated in the frontal view. In this trait, we evaluate the height of the dermal part of the upper lip, i.e. the distance from the base of the nasal septum to the upper border of the upper lip vermilion. The trait has three categories: 1. small (the vermilion is very close to the nose), 2. average, 3. large.
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 16% | 21% | 11% |
| 2 | 65,5% | 62% | 69% |
| 3 | 18,5% | 17% | 20% |
Lower lip height
Evaluated in the lateral view. The height of the dermal part of the lower lip is evaluated in this trait, i.e. the distance between the lower border of the vermilion from sulcus mentolabialis. The trait has three categories: 1. small, 2. moderate, 3. large.
Upper lip profile
Evaluated in the lateral view. We evaluate the curve from the nasal septum base to the upper border of the upper lip vermilion. The trait has three categories: 1. concave, 2. straight, 3. convex.
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 79% | 74% | 84% |
| 2 | 19,5% | 24% | 15% |
| 3 | 1,5% | 2% | 1% |
Lower lip profile
Evaluated in the lateral view. We evaluate the curve from the lower border of lower lip vermilion to sulcus mentolabialis. The trait has three categories: 1. concave, 2. straight, 3. convex.
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 20,5% | 25% | 16% |
| 2 | 73% | 68% | 78% |
| 3 | 6,5% | 7% | 6% |
Relative lip protrusion
Evaluated in the lateral view. In this trait, we evaluate mutual position of the upper and lower lip. The trait has three categories: 1. the upper lip extends over the lower lip, 2. the lips are even, 3. the lower lip is more prominent than the upper lip.
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 20,5% | 25% | 16% |
| 2 | 73% | 68% | 78% |
| 3 | 6,5% | 7% | 6% |
Chin
Chin shape
Evaluated in the frontal view. In this trait, we evaluate the chin contour in the frontal view. The trait has four categories: 1. square (with straight bottom border), 2. elliptic, pointed, 3. round, 4. depressed (with a straight bottom border, depressed in the middle).
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 19,5% | 32% | 7% |
| 2 | 39,5% | 39% | 40% |
| 3 | 34,5% | 20% | 49% |
| 4 | 6,5% | 9% | 4% |
Chin profile
Evaluated in the lateral view. We evaluate the chin contour and its position with regard to the upper part of the face in this trait. The trait is divided into three categories: 1. receding (the chin recedes with regard to the profile of the upper part of the face), 2. softly rounded, straight, 3. pronounced, prominent (the chin is prominent, it protrudes in comparison to the profile of the upper part of the face).
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10,5% | 12% | 9% |
| 2 | 66,7% | 62% | 71% |
| 3 | 23% | 26% | 20% |
Chin dimple
Evaluated in the semi-profile view. The development of the depression in the median part of the chin, a “dimple” is evaluated in this trait. Three categories are distinguished: 1. missing (the chin surface is smooth), 2. indicated, shallow (the dimple is visible), 3. pronounced (the dimple is clearly depressed and clearly visible even in frontal view).
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 67,5% | 63% | 72% |
| 2 | 24,5% | 26% | 23% |
| 3 | 8% | 11% | 5% |
Ears
Location of the auricle on the head
We evaluate this trait from a frontal view of a human head in Frankfurt horizontal plane. We observe how far does the top of the auricle reach with regard to the face. The trait has three developmental degrees: 1. low (the auricle apex does not reach the nasion point), 2. moderately high (the auricle apex reaches the nasion point), 3. high (the auricle apex protrudes over the nasion point).
The degree of attachment of auricles
We evaluate this trait from a top view of the head in Frankfurt horizontal plane. We observe the angle between face/forehead and the auricle. The trait has three developmental degrees: 1. attached auricle (sharp angle), 2. moderately attached auricle (from right to sharp angle), 3. protruding auricles.
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 55% | 56% | 54% |
| 2 | 25% | 17% | 30% |
| 3 | 20% | 27% | 15% |
Auricle area
We evaluate this trait from a semi-profile view of a human head in Frankfurt horizontal plane by leading a line in sagittal plane over outer auditory canal, to which we drop a perpendicular from the auricle apex over the outer helix border. The trait has three developmental degrees: 1. planar (the perpendicular is on the same plane with auricle border), 2. concave (the auricle border does not reach the perpendicular), 3. convex (the auricle border protrudes over the perpendicular).
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 58% | 60% | 57% |
| 2 | 25% | 21% | 28% |
| 3 | 17% | 20% | 15% |
Auricle profile
We evaluate this trait from a profile view of a human head in Frankfurt horizontal plane. We assess the anthelix, its branching, the degree of its protrusion from the auricle plane, pertinently its depth or its thickness. We describe three developmental degrees of the trait: 1. strongly modelled (the upper branch is more distinctive than the lower branch or they are both equally distinctive) 2. moderately modelled (the lower branch is more distinctive than the upper branch), 3. poorly modelled (both branches are smooth and do not protrude).
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 32% | 28% | 35% |
| 2 | 45% | 57% | 36% |
| 3 | 23% | 15% | 29% |
Auricle shape
We evaluate this trait from a profile view of a human head in Frankfurt horizontal plane. The trait describes the outer border of auricle from the beginning of crux helix to the lower border of incisura intertragica. The trait is evaluated in accordance with the outline the border creates: 1. egg-shaped (the widest in the upper third), 2. oval (round shape, auricle of the same width around the entire circumference), 3. square (the contour curve exhibits a breakage).
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females | Ženy |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 53% | 45% | 61% | |
| 2 | 11,5% | 10% | 13% | |
| 3 | 35,5% | 45% | 26% |
Lobule formation
We evaluate this trait on the head in Frankfurt horizontal plane. We assess the length of the lobule from the bottom border to the most caudal point on the lobule. If this length represents 1/3 of the auricle length (including the lobule), the lobule is moderately developed. If this length exceeds 1/3 of the auricle length, the lobule is very developed. If this length does not reach 1/3 of the auricle length, the lobule is poorly developed.
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 38,0% | 44% | 32% |
| 2 | 43,0% | 38% | 48% |
| 3 | 19% | 18% | 20% |
Lobule attachment
We evaluate this trait from a semi-profile view of the head in Frankfurt horizontal plane and we evaluate if it is fully attached to the face or if more or less than a half is attached. 1. attached, 2. less than a half is unattached, 3. more than a half is unattached.
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 55% | 69% | 44% |
| 2 | 30% | 7% | 47% |
| 3 | 15% | 24% | 9% |
Grooves and wrinkles on the lobule
We evaluate this trait from the head profile view in Frankfurt horizontal plane. We assess if the lobule is smooth or if it has various grooves and wrinkles: 1 – smooth, 2 – grooves and wrinkles.
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 89% | 89% | 89% |
| 2 | 11% | 11% | 11% |
Other traits on the lobule
We evaluate this trait from the head profile view in Frankfurt horizontal plane. We assess if the lobule has an earring hole and other unique traits. 1. earring hole, 2. birthmark/scar, 3. lobule without any of these traits, 4. a combination of 1 and 2.
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 44% | 4% | 74% |
| 2 | 14% | 27% | 4% |
| 3 | 33% | 67% | 8% |
| 4 | 10% | 3% | 15% |
Helix width
We evaluate this trait from a profile view of a human head in Frankfurt horizontal plane. We assess the helix width in its upper part and the degree of its protrusion in the ventral direction. This trait has three developmental degrees: 1. narrow, 2. moderate, 3. wide.
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 41% | 56% | 30% |
| 2 | 46% | 31% | 56% |
| 3 | 13% | 13% | 14% |
Manner of helix folding
We evaluate this trait from the head profile view in Frankfurt horizontal plane. The decisive factor is the helix width along its length, specifically, whether it is the same everywhere along the helix or if it tends to differ. Two categories of development of this trait: 1. even, 2. uneven.
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 47% | 85% | 19% |
| 2 | 53% | 15% | 81% |
Darwin’s tubercle
We evaluate this trait from the head profile view in Frankfurt horizontal plane. The presence of tuberculum auriculae upon the helix is evaluated in this case: 1 – present, 2 - missing.
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11% | 11% | 12% |
| 2 | 89% | 89% | 88% |
Crus helicis length
We evaluate this trait from the human head profile view in Frankfurt horizontal plane. We assess whether crus helicis protrudes into concha auriculae or not. If it does protrude, then we assess whether it reaches or overlaps the half of an auricle width. We evaluate this trait using 4 categories: 1. it does not protrude into concha auriculae, 2. it does protrude into concha auriculae and it does not reach the half of an auricle width, 3. it reaches the half of an auricle width, 4. it exceeds the half of an auricle width.
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 36% | 52% | 25% |
| 2 | 43% | 28% | 54% |
| 3 | 11% | 8% | 14% |
| 4 | 10% | 12% | 7% |
Wildermuth ear
It represents an auricle, in which the anthelix protrudes above the sagittal plane of the helix. We evaluate the presence of this trait from a semi-profile view of the head in the Frankfurt horizontal plane. 1. present, 2. missing.
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 83% | 84% | 82% |
| 2 | 17% | 16% | 18% |
Tragus size
We evaluate this trait from the profile view of the head in Frankfurt horizontal plane. We assess the degree of protrusion of tragus over the outer auditory canal entrance. The trait has three developmental degrees: 1. small (poorly formed tragus does not protrude above the auditory canal entrance), 2. moderate (the tragus partially protrudes over the outer auditory canal entrance), 3. large (a large tragus covers the outer auditory canal to a great extent).
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 65% | 68% | 63% |
| 2 | 27% | 23% | 29% |
| 3 | 8% | 9% | 8% |
Tragus shape
We evaluate this trait from the profile view of the head in Frankfurt horizontal plane. We describe the shape the top of tragus forms. 1. round, 2. pointed, 3. flat.
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 34% | 17% | 45% |
| 2 | 33% | 24% | 40% |
| 3 | 34% | 59% | 15% |
Number of tragus tubercles
We evaluate this trait from the profile view of the head in Frankfurt horizontal plane. We assess whether the tragus has one apex or two; if the tragus is flat, the trait cannot be evaluated. The trait has three developmental degrees: 1. single-tubercular, 2. double-tubercular.
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 86% | 78% | 91% |
| 2 | 14% | 22% | 9% |
Antitragus size
We evaluate the degree of protrusion of the antitragus above the lobule from the head profile view and in Frankfurt horizontal plane. Further, we notice now anthelix transforms into antitragus. The trait has three developmental degrees: 1. small (directly), 2. moderate (with an arch), 3. large (with a breakage).
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 27% | 19% | 33% |
| 2 | 58% | 69% | 50% |
| 3 | 15% | 13% | 17% |
Antitragus shape
We evaluate this trait from the profile view of the head in Frankfurt horizontal plane. We notice the shape the antitragus apex forms. 1. round, 2. pointed, 3. flat.
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 58% | 53% | 62% |
| 2 | 30% | 28% | 31% |
| 3 | 12% | 19% | 7% |
Incisura intertragica shape
We evaluate this trait from the profile view of the head in Frankfurt horizontal plane. The edges of ii converge in the direction of the lobule and if the branches aim perpendicularly (together with the base, they form a U-shape) or if they converge at an angle (together with the base, they form a V-shape), we describe its shape. If the ii branches are asymmetrical and converge at the base in a different manner, we describe its shape as irregular. 1. U-shaped, 2. V-shaped, 3. irregular shape.
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 58% | 73% | 47% |
| 2 | 17% | 19% | 16% |
| 3 | 25% | 8% | 37% |
Incisura intertragica depth
We evaluate this trait from the profile view of the head in Frankfurt horizontal plane. The edges of ii converge in the direction of the lobule and if the branches aim perpendicularly (together with the base, they form a U-shape) or if they converge at an angle (together with the base, they form a V-shape), we describe its shape. If the ii branches are asymmetrical and converge at the base in a different manner, we describe its shape as irregular. 1. U-shaped, 2. V-shaped, 3. irregular shape.
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 58% | 73% | 47% |
| 2 | 17% | 19% | 16% |
| 3 | 25% | 8% | 37% |
Incisura intertragica width
The length of connecting line of traguses shall be applied on the line led from the centre of the outer auditory canal to the branch of anthelix in the sagittal plane. If the connecting line exceeds a half of this line, it is wide, if it reaches a half of this line, it is moderately wide and if it does not reach it, it is narrow: 1. wide, 2. moderately wide, 3. narrow.
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4% | 5% | 4% |
| 2 | 72% | 70% | 73% |
| 3 | 24% | 25% | 23% |
Somatoscopic body traits
Shoulders
Shoulder width for males
The shoulder width is evaluated on the basis of a comparison of distances between acromion dx. and sin. and the maximum hip width. The maximum hip width stands for the distance between the two remotest points in the hip area in one plane. In males, this trait is divided into three categories: 1. narrow shoulders (a difference up to 10 %), 2. moderately wide shoulders (a difference from 10 % to 15 %), 3. wide shoulders (a difference above 15 %).
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Males |
|---|---|
| 1 | 23% |
| 2 | 53% |
| 3 | 23% |
| X | 1% |
Shoulder width for females
The shoulder width is evaluated on the basis of a comparison of distances between acromion dx. and sin. and the maximum hip width. The maximum hip width stands for the distance between the two remotest points in the hip area in one plane. In females, this trait is also divided into three categories: 1. narrow shoulders (a difference up to 5 %), 2. moderately wide shoulders (a difference 5 % – 10 %), 3. wide shoulders (difference above 10 %).
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Females |
|---|---|
| 1 | 32% |
| 2 | 51% |
| 3 | 14% |
| X | 3% |
Slope of the shoulders
The slope of the shoulders is evaluated from the ventral view of the evaluated person’s upper torso. The division into categories is performed on the basis of the angle of an imaginary line leading over the most cranial part of the shoulders from the neck to the arm. Each shoulder is then classified into one of four categories: 1. strongly sloped shoulder, 2. moderately sloped shoulder, 3. straight shoulder, 4. shoulder with raised lateral part.
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 29% | 29% | 31% |
| 2 | 47% | 50% | 43% |
| 3 | 22% | 20% | 24% |
| 4 | 2% | 1% | 2% |
Chest
Chest length
The chest length is evaluated as a distance between the jugular point and the bottom border of ribs in the processus xiphoideus area and its ratio to the entire length of torso. The trait is divided into three categories: 1. small length, 2. moderate length, 3. large chest length.
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 15% | 19% | 10% |
| 2 | 63% | 57% | 70% |
| 3 | 17% | 18% | 16% |
| X | 5% | 6% | 4% |
Front chest profile
The front chest profile is evaluated from the right lateral view of the chest. This is a trait observed only in men. Three developmental degrees have been created for the trait: 1. strongly arched, 2. arched, 3. almost straight chest.
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Males |
|---|---|
| 1 | 16% |
| 2 | 60% |
| 3 | 23% |
| X | 1% |
Chest shape
The chest shape is evaluated in accordance with Fetter’s method (1967). Firstly, from the ventral view upon the evaluated person’s torso, and secondly, from the right semi-profile. There are three categories of the chest shape. 1. normal 2. asthenic 3. barrel-shaped.
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 62% | 59% | 65% |
| 2 | 14% | 14% | 15% |
| 3 | 21% | 23% | 18% |
| X | 3% | 4% | 2% |
Back
Body posture
The body posture is evaluated from the right lateral view of the proband’s body. The trait is divided into 4 trait categories for men and women both. The evaluated degrees of trait development are: 1. hyperkyphotic (large lumbar and cervical lordosis, resulting in a protruding chest kyphosis), 2. normal posture (small cervical and lumbar lordosis and kyphosis), 3. hyperlordotic (large lumbar lordosis, small cervical lordosis), 4. flat back.
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 16% | 15% | 16% |
| 2 | 57% | 58% | 56% |
| 3 | 19% | 18% | 20% |
| 4 | 8% | 9% | 8% |
Scoliotic body posture
The scoliotic body posture is evaluated from the dorsal view of the torso. We compare the spinal curvature with an imaginary line leading through body axis. In the first phase of the evaluation, we try to determine if the proband’s body posture exhibits scoliotic posture or not. Then we try to determine the extent of the scoliosis. This trait has three developmental degrees: 1. absence of scoliosis, 2. slight (up to 10°), 3. strong scoliosis (above 10°).
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 95% | 94% | 96% |
| 2 | 4% | 5% | 3% |
| 3 | 1% | 1% | 1% |
Prominence of scapulae
The prominence of the scapulae is evaluated from the dorsal view of the lower back of the torso. The degree of trait development is determined on the basis of the scapula bone prominence above the surrounding tissue. Three developmental degrees are used in case of the prominence of the scapulae: 1. protruding scapulae, 2. medium, 3. distinctive scapulae.
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 20% | 25% | 15% |
| 2 | 54% | 55% | 53% |
| 3 | 26% | 20% | 32% |
Position of the scapulae
The position of the scapulae is evaluated from the dorsal view of the upper back of a human torso. In accordance with Fetter (1967), this trait is divided into three categories by their degree of development, in accordance with the position of medial borders of scapulae and spine: 1. oblique position, 2. medium position, 3. parallel to the spine.
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12% | 16% | 7% |
| 2 | 29% | 29% | 28% |
| 3 | 31% | 34% | 29% |
| X | 28% | 21% | 36% |
Visibility of the spinal profile
The visibility of the spinal profile is evaluated from the dorsal view of a human torso along the entire length of the spine from the cranial border of the scapulas to the 5th lumbar vertebra. The trait is divided into three categories in accordance with the level of its development: 1. very distinctive, 2. moderate 3. indistinct.
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 26% | 27% | 25% |
| 2 | 54% | 53% | 55% |
| 3 | 17% | 20% | 14% |
| 4 | 3% | - | 6% |
Back shape
The back shape is evaluated from the dorsal view of a human torso. The trait is divided into five categories: 1. V-type (the back expansing in the upward direction), 2. rectangular type (the back of identical width along its entire length), 3. hourglass type (the back narrowed in its central part), 4. A-type (expanding in the downward direction), 5. barrel type (the back with an expanded central part).
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 16% | 15% | 16% |
| 2 | 57% | 58% | 56% |
| 3 | 19% | 18% | 20% |
| 4 | 8% | 9% | 8% |
| 5 | 0% | 0% | 0% |
Upper limbs
The ratio of II. and IV. Finger
We evaluate this trait from the dorsal view of the hand with the hand freely resting on a pad and all fingers are outstretched. We divide the trait into three categories: 1. the finger II. is shorter than the finger IV. (ulnar type), 2. both fingers are of the same length, 3. the finger IV. is shorter than the finger II. (radial type).
Shape of the fingers
We evaluate this trait from the dorsal view of the hand with the hand freely resting on a pad and all fingers freely outstretched. In accordance with Fetter, (1967) the trait can be divided into four categories: 1. conical (continuously narrowing in the direction from the root to the nail). 2. quadratic (the same width along the entire length), 3. clubbed (The finger extends into a club in the nail region).
Lunula size
We evaluate this trait from the dorsal view of the hand with the hand freely resting on a pad and all fingers freely outstretched. In accordance with Fetter, (1967) the trait can be divided into four categories: 1. small, 2. moderate, 3. large, 4. absence of lunula
Tvar nehtů
We evaluate this trait from the dorsal view of the hand with the hand freely resting on a pad and all fingers freely outstretched. Nail shape in accordance with D. M. Koenner (1967).
Lower limbs
Foot shape
We evaluate this trait from a dorsal view of the fully stressed foot with freely stretched fingers. We divide the trait into three categories: 1. the fingers of the foot form an oblique plane in the direction away from the thumb (Egyptian), 2. at least 3 fingers form a plane which forms a right angle with the foot axis (Roman) 3. the second finger is the longest (Greek).
Adipose tissue layout
Waist and hip ratio
The waist and hip ratio is evaluated only in females. The division of probands into three categories takes place on the basis of a comparison of the ratio between the waist and hip circumference. The trait is divided into three categories: 1. significantly smaller waist circumference, 2. minimal difference, 3. significantly larger waist circumference.
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Females |
|---|---|
| 1 | 57% |
| 2 | 33% |
| 3 | 10% |
Development of the fat pad in the pelvic area
The development of the fat pad in the pelvic area is evaluated from the dorsal view of the lower back of the torso. For both sexes, the trait has been divided into three categories in accordance with the degree of development: 1. minimal, 2. medium, 3. highly.
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 26% | 22% | 12% |
| 2 | 44% | 50% | 41% |
| 3 | 29% | 28% | 46% |
| X | 1% | - | 1% |
Ventral body arch
The ventral body arch is evaluated from the right lateral view of the human body. An imaginary line leading through abdominal part of torso protruding the most in the ventral direction both in men and women is followed. The trait is divided into five categories covering the development of this trait: 1. sinking, 2. straight , 3. protruding, 4. moderately protruding, 5. very protruding.
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
| 1 | 1% | 1% | 1% |
| 2 | 22% | 23% | 21% |
| 3 | 32% | 33% | 32% |
| 4 | 25% | 23% | 26% |
| 5 | 20% | 20% | 20% |
Whole body
Muscle development
The muscle development is evaluated as a complex trait on the entire body of a human. The muscle development has to be considered with regard to the body height of the evaluated human, not only to the total volume of muscle. This trait is divided into three developmental stages: 1. poorly, 2. moderately, 3. highly.
Frequency represented in the Czech population:
| Category | Together | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 57% | 55% | 60% |
| 2 | 37% | 35% | 38% |
| 3 | 5% | 9% | 2% |
| X | 1% | 1% | - |
